The subject of freedom
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69791/rahc.180Keywords:
Human agency, resistance, secularism, eurocentrism, feminism, Muslim womenAbstract
The paper is an insightful and challenging contribution to the debates across the «Western» and «Non-Western» traditions of theoretical thinking and criticism critique and political practice. The author puts into question many concepts that have long been a constitutive part of the modern-liberal social sciences, and critically re-examine wellestablished and taken for granted categories as subject, human agency, consciousness, oppression, freedom, and individual autonomy. Specifically, she reconceptualizes the notion of human agency through problematizing and provincializing the conventional dichotomy between religious oppression and resistance. From this theoretical outlook, the author explores the genealogy and explains the practices and forms of subjectivity exhibited by women who constitute the mosque movement in Egypt.
Downloads
References
ABEDI, Mehdi y FISCHER, Michael M. J.: Debating Muslims: Cultural dialogues in postmodernity and tradition, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1990.
ABU-LUGHOD, Lila: Veiled sentiments: Honor and poetry in a Bedouin society, Berkeley-Los Ángeles, University of California Press, 1986.
ABU-LUGHOD, Lila: «Anthropology’s orient: The boundaries of theory on the Arab world», en H. Sharabi (ed.), Theory, politics, and the Arab world: Critical responses, New York, Routledge, 1990a, pp. 81-131.
ABU-LUGHOD, Lila: «The romance of resistance: Tracing transformation of power through Bedouin women», American Ethnologist, 17, 1 (1990b), pp. 41-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1990.17.1.02a00030
ABU-LUGHOD, Lila: Writing women’s worlds: Bedouin stories, Berkeley-Los Ángeles, University of California Press, 1993.
ABU-LUGHOD, Lila: «Do Muslim women really need saving? Anthropological reflections on cultural relativism and its others», American Anthropologist, 104, 3 (2002), pp. 783-790. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2002.104.3.783
ADAMS, Parveen y MINSON, Jeff: «The ‘subject’ of feminism», m/f, 2 (1978), pp. 43-61.
AFSHAR, Haleh: Islam and feminism: An Iranian case study, New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1998.
AHMED, Leila: «Western ethnocentrism and perceptions of the harem», Feminist Studies, 8, 3 (1982), pp. 521-534. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3177710
AL-AHRAM CENTER FOR POLITICAL AND STRATEGIC STUDIES: Taqrir al-hala al-diniyya fi Misr, Cairo, Center for Political and Strategic Studies, 1996.
ALTORKI, Soraya: Women and Saudi Arabia: Ideology and behaviour among the elite, New York, Columbia University Press, 1986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7312/alto94660
ANSCOMBE, G. E. M.: «Modern moral philosophy», en Ethics, religion and politics: Vol. 3. The collected philosophical papers of G. E. M. Anscombe, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1981, pp. 26-42.
ASAD, Talal: «The idea of an anthropology of Islam», Occasional Papers Series, Washington, D.C., Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University, 1986.
ASAD, Talal: Genealogies of religion: Discipline and reason of power in Christianity and Islam, Baltimore, MD, John Hopkins University Press, 1993.
ASAD, Talal: Formations of the secular: Christianity, Islam, modernity, Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press, 2003.
ATIYA, Nayra: Khul-Khaal: Five Egyptian women tell their stories, Syracuse, NY, Syracuse University Press, 1982.
BARTKY, Sandra: Feminity and domination: Studies in the phenomenology of oppression, New York, Routledge, 1990.
BEININ, Joel y STORK, Joe (eds.): Political Islam: Essays from Middle East Report, Berkeley-Los Ángeles, University of California Press, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520917583
BENHABIB, Seyla, BUTLER, Judith, CORNELL, Drucilla y FRASER, Nancy: Feminist contentions: A philosophical exchange, New York, Routledge, 1995.
BENHABIB, Seyla: Situating the self: Gender, community and postmodernism in contemporary ethics, New York, Routledge, 1992.
BERLIN, Isaiah: Four essays on liberty, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1969.
BODDY, Janice: Wombs and alien spirits: Women, men, and the Zar cult in Northern Sudan, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1989.
BORDO, Susan: Unbearable weight: Feminism, Western culture, and the body, Berkeley-Los Ángeles, University of California Press, 1993.
BOURDIEU, Pierre: Outline of a theory of practice, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1977. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511812507
BOURDIEU, Pierre: The logic of practice, Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press, 1990.
BOWEN, John: Muslims through discourse: Religion and ritual in Gayo society, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691221588
BRANT, Beth (ed.): A gathering of spirit: Writing and art by North American Indian women, Rockland, ME, Sinister Wisdom Books, 1984.
BROWN, Wendy: Politics out of history, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2001.
BRUSCO, Elizabeth: The reformation of machismo: Evangelical conversion and gender in Colombia, Austin, University of Texas Press, 1995.
BURGAT, François y DOWELL, William: The Islamic movement in North Africa, Austin, Center for Middle Eastern Studies, University of Texas, 1997.
BUTLER, Judith: Bodies that matter: On the discursive limits of ‘sex’, New York, Routledge, 1993. [Cuerpos que importan. Sobre los límites materiales y discursivos del ‘sexo’, Buenos Aires, Paidós, 2002].
BUTLER, Judith: Excitable speech: A politics of the performative, New York, Routledge, 1997a. [Lenguaje, poder e identidad, Madrid, Síntesis, 2004].
BUTLER, Judith: «Further reflections on conversations of our time», Diacritics, 27, 1 (1997b), pp. 13-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dia.1997.0004
BUTLER, Judith: The psychic life of power: Theories in subjection, Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press, 1997c. [Mecanismos psíquicos del poder. Teorías sobre la sujeción, Madrid, Cátedra, 2001].
BUTLER, Judith: Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity, New York, Routledge, 1999. [El género en disputa. El feminismo y la subversión de la identidad, Barcelona, Paidós, 2008].
BUTLER, Judith: «Doing justice to someone: Sex reassignment and allegories of transsexuality», GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 7, 4 (2001), pp. 621-636 [incluido en su obra Undoing gender, New York-Londres, Routledge, 2004. Deshacer el género, Barcelona, Paidós, 2006].
BUTLER, Judith y CONNOLLY, William: «Politics, power and ethics: A discussion between Judith Butler and William Connolly», Theory and Event, 24, 2 (2000).
BUTLER, Judith, LACLAU, Ernesto y ŽIŽEK, Slavoj: Contingency, hegemony, universality: Contemporary dialogues on the left, London, Verso Press, 2000. [Contingencia, hegemonía, universalidad: diálogos contemporáneos en la izquierda, Buenos Aires, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2004].
CATON, Steven: ‘Peaks of Yemen I summon’: Poetry as cultural practice in a North Yemeni tribe, Berkeley-Los Ángeles, University of California Press, 1990. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520913721
CAVELL, Stanley: «What did Derrida want of Austin?», en Philosophical passages: Wittgenstein, Emerson, Austin, Derrida, Oxford, Blackwell, 1995, pp. 42-65.
CHAKRABARTY, Dipesh: «Provincializing Europe: Postcoloniality and the critique of history», Cultural Studies, 6, 3 (2000), pp. 337-357. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09502389200490221
CHODOROW, Nancy: The reproduction of mothering: Psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender, Berkeley-Los Ángeles, University of California Press, 1978. [El ejercicio de la maternidad. Psicoanálisis y sociología de la maternidad y paternidad en la crianza de los hijos, Barcelona, Gedisa, 1984].
CHRISTMAN, John: «Liberalism and individual positive freedom», Ethics, 101 (1991), pp. 343-359. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/293292
COLEBROOK, Claire: «Feminism and autonomy: The crisis of the self-authoring subject», Body and Society, 3, 2 (1997), pp. 21-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1357034X97003002003
COLEBROOK, Claire: «Ethics, positivity, and gender: Foucault, Aristotle, and the care of the self», Philosophy Today, 42, 1/4 (1998), pp. 40-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/philtoday19984215
COLEBROOK, Claire: «From radical representations to corporeal becoming: The feminist philosophy of Lloyd, Grosz, and Gatens», Hypatia, 15, 2 (2000a), pp. 76-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/hyp.2000.0017
COLLIER, Jane: From duty to desire. Remarking families in a Spanish village, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691215860
COLLIER, Jane y YANAGISAKO, Sylvia: «Theory in anthropology since feminist practice», Critique of Anthropology, IX, 2 (1989), pp. 27-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275X8900900203
COLLINS, Patricia Hill: Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment, New York, Routledge, 1991. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/229850
CONNOLLY, William: Why I am not a secularist, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1999.
DAVIDSON, Arnold: «Ethics as ascetics: Foucault, the history of ethics, and ancient thought», en J. Goldstein (ed.), Foucault and the writing of history, Cambridge, Blackwell, 1994, pp. 63-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL9780521403320.007
DAVIS, Angela: Women, race and class, New York, Vintage Books, 1983. [Mujeres, raza y clase, Madrid, Akal, 2004].
DAVIS, Susan: Patience and power: Women’s lives in a Moroccan village, Cambridge, MA, Schenkman, 1983.
DERRIDA, Jacques: «Signature event context», en Limited Inc, Evanston, IL, Northwestern University Press, 1988, pp. 1-23.
DWYER, Daisy: Images and self-images: Male and female in Morocco, New York, Columbia University Press, 1978.
EARLY, Evelyn: Baladi women of Cairo: Playing with an egg and a stone, Boulder, CO, Lynne Rienner, 1993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781685859312
EL GUINDI, Fadwa: «Veiling infitah with Muslim ethics: Egypt’s contemporary Islamic movement», Social Problems, 28, 4 (1981), pp. 465-485. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/800058
ESPOSITO, John: The Islamic threat: Myth or reality?, New York, Oxford University Press, 1992. [El desafío islámico: ¿mito o realidad?, Madrid, Acento, 1996].
FAUBION, James: «Toward an anthropology of ethics: Foucault and the pedagogies of autopoiesis», Representations, 74 (2001), pp. 83-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3176050
FERNEA, Elizabeth (ed.): Women and family in the Middle East: New voices of change, Austin, University of Texas Press, 1985.
FOOT, Philippa: Virtues and vices and other essays in moral philosophy, Berkeley-Los Ángeles, University of California Press, 1978.
FOUCAULT, Michel: The history of sexuality: An introduction, New York, Pantheon Books, 1978. [Historia de la sexualidad, Madrid, Siglo XXI, 2005].
FOUCAULT, Michel: «Truth and power», en Power/Knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings 1972-1977, New York, Pantheon Books, 1980, pp. 109-133.
FOUCAULT, Michel: «The subject and power», en H. Dreyfus y P. Rabinow (eds.), Michel Foucault: Beyond structuralism and hermeneutics, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1983, pp. 208-226.
FOUCAULT, Michel: The history of sexuality: Vol. 2. The use of pleasure, New York, Vintage Books, 1990. [Historia de la sexualidad. Vol. II. El uso de los placeres, Madrid, Siglo XXI, 2005].
FOUCAULT, Michel: «The ethics of the concern of the self as a practice of freedom», en M. Foucault, Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth: Vol. 1. Essential Works of Foucault, 1954-1984, New York, New Press, 1997a, pp. 281-301.
FOUCAULT, Michel: «On the genealogy of ethics: An overview of work in progress», en M. Foucault, Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth: Vol. 1. Essential Works of Foucault, 1954-1984, New York, New Press, 1997b, pp. 253-280.
FOUCAULT, Michel: Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth: Vol. 1. Essential Works of Foucault, 1954-1984, New York, New Press, 1997c.
FRIEDMAN, Marilyn: «Autonomy and social relationship: Rethinking the feminist critique», en D. T. Meyers (ed.), Feminists rethink the self, Boulder, CO, Westview Press, 1997, pp. 40-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429500466-3
FRIEDMAN, Marilyn: Autonomy, gender, politics, New York, Oxford University Press, 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/0195138503.001.0001
GAFFNEY, Patrick: «The changing voices of Islam: The emergence of professional preachers in contemporary Egypt», Muslim World, LXXXI, 1 (1991), pp. 27-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.1991.tb03510.x
GATENS, Moira: Imaginary bodies: Ethics, power, and corporeality, London, Routledge, 1996.
GILLIGAN, Carol: In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1982.
GÖLE, Nilüfer: The forbidden modern: Civilization and veiling, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.10254
GRAY, John: «On negative and positive liberty», en Liberalisms: Essays in political philosophy, New York, Routledge, 1991, pp. 45-68.
GREEN, Thomas Hill: Lectures on the principles of political obligation and other writings, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986.
GROSZ, Elizabeth: Volatile bodies: Toward a corporeal feminism, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1994.
GUHA, Ranajit: «The small voice of history», en S. Amin y D. Chakrabarty (eds.), Subaltern Studies IX: Writing on South Asian History and Society, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 1-12.
GUHA, Ranajit y SPIVAK, Gayatri (eds.): Selected Subaltern Studies, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1988.
HACKING, Ian: Rewriting the soul: Multiple personality and the sciences of memory, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400821686
HACKING, Ian: Historical ontology, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2002.
HALE, Sondra: «Sudanese women and revolutionary parties: The wing of the patriarch», MERIP Middle East Report, 16, 1 (1986), pp. 25-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3011907
HALE, Sondra: «Women’s culture/men’s culture: Gender, separation, and space in Africa and North America», American Behavioral Scientist, 31, 1 (1987), pp. 115-134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/000276487031001008
HARDING, Susan: «Representing fundamentalism: The problem of the repugnant cultural other», Social Research, 58, 2 (1991), pp. 373-393.
HARDING, Susan: The book of Jerry Falwell: Fundamentalist language and politics, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691190464
HARTSOCK, Nancy: Money, sex, and power: Toward a feminist historical materialism, Boston, Northeastern University Press, 1983.
HEFNER, Robert: Civil Islam: Muslims and democratization in Indonesia, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2000.
HEGLAND, Mary: «Flagellation and fundamentalism: (Trans)forming meaning, identity, and gender through Pakistani women’s rituals of mourning», American Ethnologist, 25, 2 (1998), pp. 240-266. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1998.25.2.240
HELLER, Thomas, SOSNA, Morton y WELLBERRY, David (eds.): Reconstructing individualism: Autonomy, individuality, and the self in Western thought, Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press, 1986.
HIRSCHKIND, Charles: «Civic virtue and religious reason: An Islamic counterpublic», Cultural Anthropology, 16, 1 (2001a), pp. 3-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/can.2001.16.1.3
HIRSCHKIND, Charles: «The ethics of listening: Cassette-sermon audition in contemporary Egypt», American Ethnologist, 28, 3 (2001b), pp. 623-649. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.2001.28.3.623
HIRSCHKIND, Charles: «Hearing modernity», en V. Erlmann, Hearing cultures. Essays on sound, listening, and modernity, Oxford, Berg, 2004, pp. 191-216.
HIRSCHKIND, Charles y MAHMOOD, Saba: «Feminism, the Taliban, and politics of counter-insurgency», Anthropological Quarterly, 75, 2 (2002), pp. 339-354. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/anq.2002.0031
HOBSBAWM, Eric: Peasants in history: Essays in honour of Daniel Thorner, Calcuta, Oxford University Press, 1980.
HOFFMAN-LADD, Valerie: «Polemics on the modesty and segregation of women in contemporary Egypt», International Journal of Middle East Studies, 19 (1987), pp. 23-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743800031640
HOLLYWOOD, Amy: «Performativity, citationality, ritualization», History of Religions, 42, 2 (2002), pp. 93-115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/463699
HULL, Gloria, BELL-SCOTT, Patricia y SMITH, Barbara (eds.): All the women are white, all the blacks are men, but some of us are brave: Black women’s studies, New York, Feminist Press, 1982.
HUNT, Ian: «Freedom and its conditions», Australasian Philosophy, 69, 3 (1991), pp. 288-301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00048409112344751
JOSEPH, Suad (ed.): Intimate selving in Arab families: Gender, self, and identity, Syracuse, Syracuse University Press, 1999.
KANT, Immanuel: Religion within the boundaries of mere reason and other writings, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998. [La religión dentro de los límites de la mera razón, Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 2001].
KEANE, Webb: «From fetishism to sincerity: On agency, the speaking subject, and their historicity in the context of religious conversion», Comparative Studies in Society and History, 39, 4 (1997), pp. 674-693. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500020855
LAZREG, Marnia: The eloquence of silence: Algerian women in question, New York, Routledge, 1994.
LORDE, Audre: Sister outsider: Essays and speeches, Trumansburg, Crossing Press, 1984. [La hermana, la extranjera, Madrid, Horas y horas, 2003].
LOVIBOND, Sabina: Ethical formation, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2002.
MACCALLUM, Gerald: «Negative and positive freedom», Philosophical Review, LXXVI, 3 (1967), pp. 312-334. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2183622
MACINTYRE, Alasdair: After virtue: A study in moral theory, Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press, 1984. [Tras la virtud, Barcelona, Crítica, 2001].
MACKINNON, Catharine: Toward a feminist theory of the state, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1989. [Hacia una teoría feminista del estado, Madrid, Cátedra, 1995].
MACKINNON, Catharine: Only words, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1993.
MACLEOD, Arlene Elowe: Accommodating protest: Working women, the new veiling and change in Cairo, New York, Columbia University Press, 1991.
MAHMOOD, Saba: «Feminist theory, embodiment, and the docile agent: Some reflections on the Egyptian Islamic revival», Cultural Anthropology, 6, 2 (2001a), pp. 202-236. [«Teoría feminista y el agente social dócil: algunas reflexiones sobre el renacimiento islámico en Egipto», en L. Suárez Navaz y R. A. Hernández Castillo (eds.), Descolonizando el feminismo: Teorías y prácticas desde los márgenes, Madrid, Cátedra, 2008, pp. 165-221].
MANI, Lata: Contentious traditions: The debate on sati in colonial India, Berkeley-Los Ángeles, University of California Press, 1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520921153
MASSSELL, Gregory: The surrogate proletariat: Moslem women and revolutionary strategies in Soviet Central Asia, 1919-1929, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1974.
METCALF, Barbara: «Living hadith in the Tablighi Jama’at», Journal of Asian Studies, 52, 3 (1993), pp. 584-608. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2058855
METCALF, Barbara: «‘Remaking ourselves’: Islamic self-fashioning in a global movement of spiritual renewal», en M. Marty y S. Appleby (eds.), Accounting for fundamentalisms, Chicago, Chicago University Press, 1994, pp. 706-725.
MILL, John Stuart: On liberty and other essays, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1991. [Sobre la libertad, Madrid, Tecnos, 2008; El utilitarismo: un sistema de la lógica, Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 2002; Del gobierno representativo, Madrid, Tecnos, 2007; El sometimiento de las mujeres, Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 2010].
MINSON, Jeffrey: Questions of conduct: Sexual harassment, citizenship, government, New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22882-9
MIR-HOSSEINI, Ziba: Islam and gender: The religious debate in contemporary Iran, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400843596
MOHANTY, Chandra: «Under Western eyes: Feminist scholarship and colonial discourses», en C. Mohanty, A. Russo y L. Torres (eds.), Third world women and the politics of feminism, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1991, pp. 51-80. [«Bajo los ojos de occidente: academia feminista y discursos coloniales», en L. Suárez Navaz y R. A. Hernández Castillo (eds.), Descolonizando el feminismo: Teorías y prácticas desde los márgenes, Madrid, Cátedra, 2008, pp. 117-163].
NAJMABADI, Afsaneh: «Hazards of modernity and morality: Women, state and ideology in contemporary Iran», en D. Kandiyoti (ed.), Women, Islam and the state, Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 1991, pp. 48-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21178-4_3
NAJMABADI, Afsaneh: «Feminism in Islamic republic: ‘Years of hardship, years of growth’», en Y. Haddad y J. Esposito (eds.), Islam, gender and social change, New York, Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 59-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195113563.003.0004
NEDELSKY, Jennifer: «Reconceiving autonomy: Sources, thoughts and possibilities», Yale Journal of Law and Feminism, 1, 1 (1989), pp. 7-36.
OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY (OED), CD-ROM, Oxford University Press, 1999.
PELETZ, Michael: Islamic modern: Religious courts and cultural politics in Malaysia, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691187457
POCOCK, J. G. A.: Virtue, commerce, and history: Essays on political thought and history, chiefly in the eighteenth century, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1985. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511720505
POVINELLI, Elizabeth: The cunning of recognition: Indigenous alterities and the making of Australian multiculturalism, Durham, NC, Duke University Press, 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv116895z
RABINOW, Paul: «Introduction», en M. Foucault, Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth: Vol. 1. Essential Works of Foucault, 1954-1984, xi-xlii, New York, New Press, 1997.
RADWAN, Zeinab Abdel Mejid: Zahirat al-hijab baina al-jami’at, Cairo, al Markaz alquami lol-buhuth al ijtima’iyya wal-jina’iyya, 1982.
RANCIÈRE, Jacques: The names of history: On the poetics of knowledge, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994. [Els noms de la història: una poètica del saber, València, Universitat de València, 2005].
ROSALDO, Michelle: «The things we do with words: Ilongot speech acts and act theory in philosophy», Language in Society, 11, 2 (1982), pp. 203-237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500009209
ROSALDO, Michelle: «Moral/analytic dilemmas posed by the intersection of feminism and social science», en N. Haan, R. Bellah, P. Rabinow y W. Sullivan (eds), Social science as moral inquiry, New York, Columbia University Press, 1983, pp. 76-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7312/haan92854-007
ROSE, Nikolas: Inventing our selves: Psychology, power, and personhood, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
ROSE, Nikolas: Powers of freedom: Reframing political thought, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511488856
ROY, Olivier: The failure of political Islam, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994.
RUBIN, Gayle: «Thinking sex: Notes for a radical theory of the politics of sexuality», en C. Vance, Pleasure and danger: Exploring female sexuality, Boston, Routledge-Kegan Paul, 1984, pp. 267-319.
SALVATORE, Armando: Islam and the political discourse of modernity, Reading, UK, Ithaca Press, 1997.
SAMOIS COLLECTIVE (eds.): Coming to power: Writing and graphics on lesbian S/M, Boston, Alyson, 1987.
SCOTT, James: Weapons of the weak: Everyday form of peasant resistance, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1985.
SCOTT, Joan Wallach: Gender and the politics of history, New York, Columbia University Press, 1988.
SIMHONY, Avital: «Beyond negative and positive freedom. T. H. Green’s view of freedom», Political Theory, 21, 1 (1993), pp. 28-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591793021001003
SKINNER, Quentin: Liberty before liberalism, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
SPIVAK, Gayatri: In other words: Essays in cultural politics, New York, Methuen, 1987.
STACEY, Judith: Brave new families. Stories of domestic upheaval in late twentieth-century America, New York, Basic Books, 1991.
STARRETT, Gregory: Putting Islam to work: Education, politics and religious transformations in Egypt, Berkeley-Los Ángeles, University of California Press, 1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520919303
STRATHERN, Marilyn: «An awkward relationship: The case of feminism and anthropology», Signs, 12, 2 (1987), pp. 276-292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/494321
STRATHERN, Marilyn: The gender of the gift: Problems with women and problems with society in Melanesia, Berkeley-Los Ángeles, University of California Press, 1988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520064232.001.0001
STRATHERN, Marilyn: Reproducing the future: Essays on anthropology, kinship and the new reproductive technologies, New York, Routledge, 1992b.
TAYLOR, Charles: «Kant’s Theory of Freedom», en Philosophy and the human sciences: Philosophical papers 2, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1985b, pp. 187-210.
TAYLOR, Charles: «What’s Wrong with Negative Liberty», en Philosophy and the human sciences: Philosophical papers 2, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1985c, pp. 211-229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173490.009
TAYLOR, Charles: Sources of the self: The making of modern identity, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1989. [Fuentes del yo: la construcción de la identidad moderna, Barcelona, Paidós, 2006].
TAYLOR, Charles: «Irreducibly social goods», en Philosophical arguments, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1995, pp. 127-145.
TORAB, Azam: «Piety as gendered agency: A study of jalaseh ritual discourse in an urban neighbourhood in Iran», Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 2, 2 (1996), pp. 235-252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3034094
WEST, David: «Spinoza on positive freedom», Political Studies, XLI, 2 (1993), pp. 284-296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1993.tb01407.x
WIKAN, Unni: Behind the veil in Arabia: Women in Oman, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1991.
YOUNG, Iris: Justice and the politics of difference, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1990. [La justicia y las políticas de la diferencia, Madrid, Cátedra, 1990].
ZEGHAL, Malika: Gardiens de l’Islam: Les oulémas d’Al Azhar dans l’Égypte contemporaine, Paris, Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1996. [Los guardianes del Islam: Los intelectuales tradicionales y el reto de la modernidad, Barcelona, Bellaterra, 1997].
ZUHUR, Sherifa: Revealing reveiling: Islamist gender ideology in contemporary Egypt, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1992.
